Alex Paila discusses various aspects of national and local election management in Sierra Leone during 2007 and 2008. These areas include the recruitment, training, evaluation and monitoring of election staff; election security; voter registration, audits and curtailment of voter fraud; information dissemination, media relations and enfranchisement of marginalized groups; and financial and logistical constraints and concerns.  He also emphasizes cooperation with community-based civilian organizations as key for information dissemination and higher voter turnouts, and he stresses relations with international organizations to improve workers’ training and monitoring, and secure funding. Paila also speaks about the issues of districting and determining electoral timetables.  Finally, he reflects upon some of the challenges faced by Sierra Leone during the elections in 2007 and 2008, as well as possible hurdles that the country may face in the future.    

Abubakarr Koroma explains the role of the National Electoral Commission (NEC) in 2008 local government elections in Sierra Leone.  Koroma offers insight into the process of recruiting staff members to fill NEC officer posts, detailing the measures taken toward attaining nonpartisan recruitment. He explains how United Nations officers worked alongside local officers to ensure that all aspects of the election were adequately staffed, from the early stages of registration through polling day. He discusses the commission’s collaboration with civil society organizations in monitoring trained staff members, as well as the role of the police in protecting workers’ safety during campaigning and at the polls.  He details the widespread use of radio and cellphones by both the NEC and the political parties during the campaign period in voter education.  He also explains how third-party mediation and public condemnation of deviant behavior effectively dealt with election disputes.  Finally, he addresses the steps taken by the NEC and other organizations to reach out to marginalized voters such as women and rural residents, and sheds light on what the elections may mean for the development of democracy in Sierra Leone.   

Zahurul Alam discusses the role of the Election Working Group—a coalition of 33 nongovernmental organizations—in voter registration, voter education, and election observation in Bangladesh. He begins by discussing recent events in Bangladeshi politics, including the boycott of most political parties of the 2007 elections and the imposition of a state of emergency. He speaks about other challenges to fair elections, especially the existence of 15 million false entries in the voters list. The working group and the Bangladesh Election Commission together created a new voters list. He elaborates on the efforts of the working group to mobilize voters for registration, including voter education, advertising and information dissemination, and the organization of rallies across Bangladesh. Alam discusses specific efforts to provide information to rural and minority voters. He further reflects on the organization and management of the working group, and speaks at length about support from the election commission, other NGOs, the media, and the army. Finally, Alam speaks about the subsequent role of the working group in election observation in 2008. 

Case Study:  Energizing the Civil Service: Managing at the Top 2, Bangladesh, 2006-2011

Bhojraj Pokharel, who served as Chief Election Commissioner of the Election Commission of Nepal between 2006 and 2008, speaks about his experiences in developing procedures for, and overseeing the conduct of, the historic 2008 national elections. Pokharel, who had a long career in public service in Nepal prior to being appointed Chief Election Commissioner, explains in this interview that at the time of his appointment, “there was…nothing in place technically, legally or conceptually.” Only the most basic parameters as to how the elections were to be conducted were set forth in Nepal’s governing constitution; every other detail was left to Pokharel, and Nepal’s government, to resolve. At the time of Pokharel’s appointment, the constitutionally-mandated election day was only months away and the challenges were enormous. For example,  before any planning could occur, an interim parliament had to pass laws giving basic guidance as to election procedures. Yet the political leaders were unable to reach timely agreements on important points in the legislation. Also immediate, and critical, was the need to bring the Maoists, who had been actively involved in civil strife for the previous ten years and who had never before been involved in conventional politics, into the election process. Pokharel managed to persuade the Maoists to participate fully in the election process, and to stay involved through a host of challenges that, at many points, threatened to make any sort of representative election impossible. Next, the methodology of preparing voter lists had to be decided upon, and eligibility determined. Staff willing to work in remote, strife-torn areas had to be found and trained, and their security assured. Ballot forms and voter education materials had to be developed and printed. Once printed, these materials had to be disseminated, so reliable means of transporting them to, and ensuring their integrity in, remote, strife-torn areas and areas that lacked electricity, transport, and other essentials had to be arranged. Pokharel describes his frustrations as these challenges prevented the conduct of the election on the first, constitutionally-mandated date in June 2007, and as still more challenges forced another postponement of the rescheduled date in November of that year. At one point, he recalls, he actually prepared his resignation, though ultimately he chose to withdraw it. Finally, he describes his pride, and the pride of the Nepalese people, as the election ultimately occurs in 2008, in an atmosphere largely free of violence and other disruptions.

Case Study: Managing the Political and Practical: Nepal's Constituent Assembly Elections, 2006-2008

Shahadat Hossain Chowdhury explains the process by which the Bangladesh Army created an electronic voter registration process and electronic electoral roll with photographs. The Electoral Commission chose the Army for this task out of various national and international organizations who submitted offers. He describes several capabilities that the Army brought to the task, including several officers with information technology (IT) skills and the ability, with the Navy and Coast Guard, to reach geographically remote communities. One challenge he identifies was finding and training staff with the necessary IT skills and acquiring the necessary technological resources, such as laptops, cameras, and finger print scanners. To address this need within a short time frame, he explains that the army sought out a number of vendors and occasionally accepted assistance from United Nations Development Project (UNDP). Chowdhury describes how the Army developed software to collect the voters’ information and identify multiple registrations by maintaining the registry. He explains the verification processes for the voter registry, including local government authentication of data and review by the Department for International Development (DFID) and UNDP.    

In this interview, Vincent Crabbe discusses his experience confronting the many challenges of ensuring transparency in the conduct of elections. One of the chief obstacles to transparent elections is the compilation of a reliable voter registry. For instance, in the absence of birth certificates and other forms of identification, he notes the difficulty of ascertaining whether a voter is of legal voting age. Other obstacles to compiling the lists include the fact that multiple individuals have the same name. Crabbe explains key reforms to Ghana’s elections process that he believes are transferrable to other countries, including see-through ballot boxes and counting ballots at polling stations to reduce the likelihood of tampering with while en route to counting centers. Finally, Crabbe sheds light on what he believes are the key attributes required for an electoral commissioner.   

Case Study:  Keeping the Peace in a Tense Election: Ghana, 2008