Community policing

"Everybody’s Business": Mobilizing Citizens During Liberia’s Ebola Outbreak, 2014–2015

Author
Leon Schreiber
Focus Area(s)
Country of Reform
Abstract

When Ebola crossed into Liberia in early 2014, the West African nation had few defenses. Because no effective vaccine was available at the time, the only way to limit the spread of the viral disease was to restrict physical contact with those who were infected, what they had touched, and the bodies of victims. But that advice countermanded the most basic of human instincts: to comfort a sick child, hug an ill relative, or shake hands with a friend or coworker. The challenge of changing human behavior was especially difficult because Liberia was still recovering from a long civil war. Public distrust of government, persistent rumors, linguistic diversity, and limited communication capacity hobbled efforts to send a clear public message and win citizens’ cooperation. After top-down tactics—including forcible quarantines of whole communities—failed to stem the rate of infection, a small team of Liberian officials, supported by international partners, realized that effective steps to contain the disease would require active participation by citizens themselves. The officials engaged Liberians in developing an information campaign and recruited people throughout the country to visit their neighbors door-to-door, explain the steps people could take to protect themselves, and respond to questions. Although the complexity of the Ebola response and the volatility of the outbreak had made it hard to measure the success of the social mobilization effort in reducing new infections, an analysis of timing together with anecdotal evidence strongly suggested that the effort helped save lives and contributed to the disease’s decline during the final months of 2014.

Leon Schreiber drafted this case study based on interviews conducted in Monrovia, Liberia in April and May 2016, with guidance and additional information provided by Jennifer Widner and Beatrice Godefroy.

Princeton University’s Health Grand Challenge supported the research and development of this case study, which is part of a series on public management challenges in the West African Ebola Outbreak response.

 

Timeline: West African Ebola Outbreak (poster infographic)

Timeline: West African Ebola Outbreak (page version)

 

 

The Hunt for Ebola: Building a Disease Surveillance System in Liberia, 2014–2015

Author
Leon Schreiber and Jennifer Widner
Focus Area(s)
Country of Reform
Abstract

When the first cases of Ebola virus disease appeared in Liberia at the end of March 2014, a critical first step in preventing an epidemic was to identify those who had contracted the virus. However, Liberia’s disease surveillance capacity remained feeble in the wake of a 14-year civil war that had weakened the health system, and citizens’ distrust of the government sometimes raised risks for public health teams dispatched to carry out that vital surveillance function. In August, as the number of new infections began to escalate, the government and its international partners shifted to a proactive strategy. Rather than wait for families to call for help, they began to engage local leaders and community health workers in hunting the disease. They also developed data management practices to more effectively track and analyze the evolution of the epidemic. By year-end, most of the new Ebola infections involved Liberians who were already under observation. In another important measure of success, the time between patients’ onsets of symptoms and their medical isolations shortened markedly. The ability to hunt down Ebola slowed the spread of the disease and helped bring an end to the epidemic in May 2015.

Leon Schreiber and Jennifer Widner drafted this case study based on interviews conducted in Monrovia, Liberia, in April and May 2016 and with international organizations from June to August 2016. Béatrice Godefroy provided initial guidance.

Princeton University’s Health Grand Challenge supported the research and development of this case study, which is part of a series on public management challenges in the West African Ebola Outbreak response.

 

Timeline: West African Ebola Outbreak (poster infographic)

Timeline: West African Ebola Outbreak (page version)

 

Luiz Eduardo Soares

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Focus Area(s)
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1
Country of Reform
Interviewers
Richard Bennet
Name
Luiz Eduardo Soares
Interviewee's Position
National Secretary of Public Security
Interviewee's Organization
Rio de Janeiro
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
Brazilian
Place (Building/Street)
Municipal Valuation of Life and Prevention of Violence at Nova Iguacu
Town/City
Rio de Janeiro
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract
In this interview, Dr. Luiz Eduardo Soares discusses police criminality, particularly extrajudicial killings, armed invasions, tortures and disrespect towards the poor, and the ideological and political barriers to police reform in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Initially, he describes the process of reforming Brazil’s state institutions during its transition out of a dictatorship. He addresses issues of political polarization and building consensus around reform projects, institutional disorganization, and community policing. Dr. Soares explains the successes of the UPP (Unidade Pacificadora da Policia) program and the GPAE (Grupamento de Policiamento em Areas Especiais) program in establishing secure neighborhoods and rooting out police corruption. In order to scale up the successes of the experimental peace policing initiatives in several of the favelas, Dr. Soares asserts the need for major institutional reform within the police, which would require significant political support. He also stresses the importance of empirical research methods to address social problems. 
 
Profile

At the time of this interview Dr. Luiz Eduardo Soares was the Secretary of Municipal Valuation of Life and Prevention of Nova Iguacu, Rio de Janeiro. He has served in numerous government positions dealing with issues of policing and public safety and in academic positions at various prestigious universities. After completing his Ph.D in Sociology and Political Science and researching and teaching for 15 years at IUPERJ (University Research Institute of Rio de Janeiro), Dr. Soares was appointed to a research position in security policy at ISER (Instituto de Estudos da Religião). In 2003, Dr. Soares became National Secretary of Public Security for Rio de Janeiro. Since occupying this position, he has overseen the implementation of internal police reform programs, such as the UPP and GPAE.

Full Audio File Size
150 MB
Full Audio Title
Dr. Luiz Soares Interview

Bruce Baker

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A
Focus Area(s)
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1
Interviewers
Gordon Peake
Name
Bruce Baker
Interviewee's Position
Professor of African Security
Interviewee's Organization
Coventry University
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
British
Town/City
Coventry
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract

Bruce Baker draws on his policing experience in a number of African countries.  He talks about community policing and the vital though sometimes controversial role of non-state security actors in areas where the police struggle to extend their authority.  He also discusses the intersection of non-state security groups and customary justice, and he offers reflections on donor and host-country partnerships.

Case Study:  Building Civilian Police Capacity: Post-Conflict Liberia, 2003-2011

Profile

At the time of this interview, Bruce Baker was a professor of African security and director of the African Studies Centre at Coventry University, U.K.  He earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Sussex and master's and doctoral degrees from Coventry University in the U.K.  He has lectured at Coventry University and been a Research Fellow at Rhodes University in South Africa.  He ran research projects on security issues in a number of African countries and conducted research for government and private organizations in the U.K.  He wrote numerous articles and books, including "Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement and its Consequences" (James Curry, 2000), “Taking the Law into Their Own Hands: Lawless Law Enforcers in Africa” (Ashgate, 2002), and “Security in Post-Conflict Africa: The Role of Nonstate Policing” (Taylor and Francis, 2009). 

Full Audio File Size
34 MB
Full Audio Title
Bruce Baker - Full Interview

Silvia Ramos

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Focus Area(s)
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3
Country of Reform
Interviewers
Richard Bennet
Name
Silvia Ramos
Interviewee's Position
Senior Staff Member
Interviewee's Organization
Center for Studies on Public Security and Citizenship
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
Brazilian
Town/City
Rio de Janeiro
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract
Silvia Ramos discusses the service aspects of the Pacifier Police Unit (Unidade Pacificadora da Policia, UPP) program, the difficulties in coordinating the state and municipal governments and strategies to integrate civil society and the local business community into governmental development programs. Ramos describes a multidisciplinary approach to issues of crime and policing in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, including partnering at-risk young people in the favelas with companies to increase skill sets and employment levels, community policing, and distributing services and resources equally among favelas and middle-class neighborhoods. Overall she explains how the problems in the favelas affected all Rio de Janeiro residents and praises the success of simple police strategies. 
 
Profile

Silvia Ramos headed Rio de Janeiro’s Center for Studies on Public Security and Citizenship (Centro de Estudos de Segurança e Cidadania / CESeC). In this position, she actively oversaw the implementation of the UPP (Unidade Pacificadora da Policia) program. Silvia Ramos was a founder of the Brazilian Interdisciplinary Aids Association (ABIA) and was scientific coordinator of the Visiting Researcher Program of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation in partnership with FAPERJ (Rio de Janeiro State Foundation to Support Research). She was a consultant to various nongovernmental organizations and advised the deputy secretary for public security in the State of Rio de Janeiro on programs to protect minorities and the environment. She is also on the board of directors for Altus global alliance, which focuses on public safety and justice. She earned a master's in psychology from the Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro.

Full Audio File Size
62 MB
Full Audio Title
Silvia Ramos Interview

Adrian Horn

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A
Focus Area(s)
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9
Country of Reform
Interviewers
Daniel Scher
Name
Adrian Horn
Interviewee's Position
Police Consultant
Interviewee's Organization
Horn Ltd.
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
United Kingdom
Town/City
Norfolk
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract

Adrian Horn reflects primarily on his five-year posting as manager of the Community Safety and Security Project in Sierra Leone, a program of of the U.K. government's Department for International Development. During his time in Sierra Leone, he assisted the Sierra Leonean police in overhauling their recruitment procedures and their training programs, and he comments in detail on the challenges and successes. He also talks about the importance of an effective public-relations system for a police service trying to re-establish legitimacy and credibility. He runs through some of the practical anti-corruption initiatives he developed with the Sierra Leonean police, and he reflects on his own management-by-walking-about style. Horn talks about "local-needs policing" as a conceptually similar but more clearly defined form of community policing, and details the successful role of community/police partnership boards.

Case Study:  Building Strategic Capacity in the Police:  Sierra Leone, 1998-2008

 

Profile

At the time of this interview, Adrian Horn had a long career in the U.K. police, rising to the position of assistant chief constable. He left the police in 1994 to set up a policing consultancy. He has worked in a number of developing and post-conflict countries, and spent five years as the manager of the Department for International Development's Community Safety and Security Project in Sierra Leone. He worked closely with the Sierra Leonean police and Inspector General Keith Biddle during a challenging and transformational time for Sierra Leone.

Full Audio File Size
56 MB
Full Audio Title
Adrian Horn - Full Interview

Ana Toni

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4
Country of Reform
Interviewers
Richard Bennet
Name
Ana Toni
Interviewee's Position
Representative of Brazil
Interviewee's Organization
Ford Foundation
Place (Building/Street)
Ford Foundation
Town/City
Rio de Janeiro
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract
Ana Toni discusses the Ford Foundation’s involvement in providing a forum for academia, civil society, the public sector, the private sector and the media to exchange ideas and research on policies such as the Pacifier Police Units (Unidade Pacificadora da Policia, UPP) and to more generally fight criminality in the favelas of Brazil. Toni focuses on the importance of comparative research and empirical methods in public security and community policing. She explains that the success of the UPPs hinged on community integration and leadership, a multidisciplinary approach, academic engagement in public security studies, and replacing political positioning with professional expertise. Finally, Toni discusses how the Ford Foundation gives marginalized peoples in Brazil a voice on social justice issues. 
Profile

From 2003-2011, Ana Toni was the representative of Brazil at the Ford Foundation, which works to help change structures and policies that increase inequality and social marginalization, in Rio de Janeiro. Previously, Toni served as the Country Director of ActionAid Brazil. She earned her master’s degree in International Relations at the London School of Economics and Political Science.

Full Audio File Size
45 MB
Full Audio Title
Ana Toni Interview

Gail Teixeira

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S
Focus Area(s)
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10
Country of Reform
Interviewers
Daniel Scher
Name
Gail Teixeira
Interviewee's Position
Former Minister of Home Affairs
Interviewee's Organization
Guyana
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
Guyanese
Town/City
Georgetown
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
Yes
Abstract

Gail Teixeira shares her experiences with policing reform and domestic security issues during her tenure as minister of home affairs in Guyana, first as acting minister in 2004 and then officially in the post from 2005 to 2006.  She describes in detail the process of establishing a functioning civilian police force, including the utilization of community-based rural constables and volunteer neighborhood police as well as the more macro-level issues of donor relations and compliance with international norms as identified by the United Nations.  She provides a compelling account of the challenge of adhering to the cultural and historical expectations of the people at the same time that outside financial assistance and training is going on. The decentralization of the reforms and the policing system are of particular interest, especially in the face of drug-related gang activities.

Profile

At the time of this interview, Gail Teixeira was serving as a member of Guyana's Parliament as well as an adviser to President Bharrat Jagdeo on governance. Her comments center on her experiences as minister of home affairs from 2004 to 2006.

Full Audio File Size
32.7MB
Full Audio Title
Gail Teixeira- Full Interview

Aldo Civico

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B
Focus Area(s)
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14
Country of Reform
Interviewers
Rusdha Majeed
Name
Aldo Civico
Interviewee's Position
Senior Adviser
Interviewee's Organization
Mayor of Palermo
Language
English
Town/City
Newark, New Jersey
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract

Aldo Civico comments on his relationship with Mayor Leoluca Orlando of Palermo and Mayor Orlando’s political leadership. He came from Northern Italy at a young age to become a senior adviser for Mayor Orlando and a press officer for the Municipality of Palermo. Civico worked often with German-language media, amongst whom Mayor Orlando was particularly well liked. He recalls Mayor Orlando’s outspoken anti-Mafia stance as surprising and unusual for a Palermitan politician of the 1980s. Civico also explains the nature of Mayor Orlando’s exit from the Christian Democratic Party and leadership of La Rete. He recounts the legacy of Mafia power and anti-Mafia governance that preceded Mayor Orlando’s 1993-2000 term. He describes Mayor Orlando’s diverse political and international network through which Mayor Orlando drew and offered support for his and others’ reforms. Mayor Orlando had a particularly close relationship with the governmental leaderships of Bogotá and Medellín, Colombia. Civico discusses Mayor Orlando’s anti-mafia efforts and the challenges they faced. He concludes by describing Mayor Orlando’s allegiance to his political principles rather than to a party, lobby, or other interest as his defining and most effective trait as a leader.

Case Studies:  Palermo Renaissance Part 1: Rebuilding Civic Identity and Reclaiming a City from the Mafia in Italy, 1993-2000Palermo Renaissance Part 2: Reforming City Hall, 1993-2000; and Palermo Renaissance Part 3: Strengthening Municipal Services, 1993-2000

Profile

Aldo Civico served as press officer of the Municipality of Palermo and senior adviser to Mayor Leoluca Orlando from September 1991 to September 1995. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor in the department of Sociology and Anthropology at the University of Rutgers-Newark and the co-founder and director of the International Institute for Peace. Previously, Civico worked as a free-lance journalist, reporting on social issues related to organized crime in southern Italy, and then as Director of the Center for International Conflict Resolution at Columbia University. For the last ten years, his work has focused on conflict resolution, particularly in Colombia, through ethnographic research and facilitating peace processes. Civico holds a doctorate in Anthropology from Columbia University and a bachelor’s degree in Political Science from the University of Bologna, Italy.  

Full Audio File Size
67 MB
Full Audio Title
Aldo Civico - Full Interview

Andrew Hughes

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A
Focus Area(s)
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29
Critical Tasks
Interviewers
Daniel Scher and Jennifer Widner
Name
Andrew Hughes
Interviewee's Position
Police Adviser to the Department of Peacekeeping Operations
Interviewee's Organization
United Nations
Language
English
Town/City
New York, NY
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract
Andrew Hughes discusses his experiences working on police reform, including as former commissioner of police in Fiji. United Nations policing, says Hughes, has moved considerably into “reform, restructure, [and] rebuilding.” Challenges to effectively building U.N. policing capacity include recruiting quality professionals and gaining member state support for the continued growth of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations. Going forward, he says, it will be important for U.N. police to have more professional posts and a better-defined career structure. Further, as officers come from different contexts, with diverse policing styles and methodologies, Hughes notes that it is important to build a common understanding of what it means to be a police officer in the U.N. context, as well as train officers in a democratic policing model. Hughes concludes by discussing his experiences in Fiji, where he undertook efforts to reform and modernize the police, including by improving information systems, increasing the representation of women in the force, and implementing new community policing measures.  
Profile

At the time of this interview, Andrew Hughes had over 30 years of experience as a police officer, including as a deputy chief police officer in the Australian Capital Territory Police and assistant commissioner in charge of operations for the Australian Federal Police. He served as a liaison officer at the Australian High Commission in London, working with U.K. and European counterparts primarily on issues related to organized crime. Hughes also spent over three years as the commissioner of police in Fiji, prior to the December 2006 coup. On August 9, 2007, United Nations Secretary General Ban-Ki Moon announced Hughes' appointment as police adviser to the U.N., a role that placed him at the head of U.N. Police peacekeeping operations. 

Full Audio File Size
64 MB
Full Audio Title
Andrew Hughes - Full Interview