Rwanda

Bruce Baker

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1
Interviewers
Gordon Peake
Name
Bruce Baker
Interviewee's Position
Professor of African Security
Interviewee's Organization
Coventry University
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
British
Town/City
Coventry
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract

Bruce Baker draws on his policing experience in a number of African countries.  He talks about community policing and the vital though sometimes controversial role of non-state security actors in areas where the police struggle to extend their authority.  He also discusses the intersection of non-state security groups and customary justice, and he offers reflections on donor and host-country partnerships.

Case Study:  Building Civilian Police Capacity: Post-Conflict Liberia, 2003-2011

Profile

At the time of this interview, Bruce Baker was a professor of African security and director of the African Studies Centre at Coventry University, U.K.  He earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Sussex and master's and doctoral degrees from Coventry University in the U.K.  He has lectured at Coventry University and been a Research Fellow at Rhodes University in South Africa.  He ran research projects on security issues in a number of African countries and conducted research for government and private organizations in the U.K.  He wrote numerous articles and books, including "Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement and its Consequences" (James Curry, 2000), “Taking the Law into Their Own Hands: Lawless Law Enforcers in Africa” (Ashgate, 2002), and “Security in Post-Conflict Africa: The Role of Nonstate Policing” (Taylor and Francis, 2009). 

Full Audio File Size
34 MB
Full Audio Title
Bruce Baker - Full Interview

William G. O'Neill

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16
Critical Tasks
Country of Reform
Interviewers
Gordon Peake
Name
William G. O'Neill
Interviewee's Position
Lawyer Specializing in Human Rights
Interviewee's Organization
U.N. missions in Kosovo, Rwanda and Haiti
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
American
Town/City
Brooklyn, New York
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract
William G. O’Neill, a lawyer specializing in international human rights and former senior adviser on human rights for the United Nations Mission in Kosovo, discusses his experiences with police sector reform in Haiti, Rwanda, and Kosovo. He begins by discussing police recruitment processes, noting that in countries developing new police forces it is important to think about the desired education, age, geographic, and gender profile of the force. He notes that an important lesson learned is that the police recruitment process takes time. While there is often tension between high quality recruitment and the need to quickly train new forces, O’Neill states that when processes are not set up correctly at the offset, later problems become more difficult to correct. He goes on to discuss local police training programs in Haiti and Kosovo. Two promising developments of the Haiti training program included the use of practical exercises and case studies derived from the Haitian context and the involvement of civil society representatives who discussed their concerns and expectations for the new Haitian National Police. O’Neill concludes by noting that it is important that the police and other relevant parts of the judiciary work together productively from the start of the police reform process.  
Profile

At the time of this interview, William G. O’Neill was a lawyer specializing in international human rights, humanitarian and refugee law. He was senior adviser on human rights in the United Nations Mission in Kosovo, chief of the U.N. Human Rights Field Operation in Rwanda and head of the legal department of the U.N./OAS Mission in Haiti. He worked on judicial, police and prison reform in Burundi, Liberia, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Timor Leste, Nepal and Bosnia-Herzegovina. He investigated mass killings in Afghanistan for the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. He also conducted an assessment of the human rights situation in Darfur and trained the U.N.’s human rights monitors stationed there. O’Neill has published widely on the rule of law, human rights and peacekeeping. In 2008, the Social Science Research Council appointed him as director of its Conflict Prevention and Peace Forum. 

Full Audio File Size
88 MB
Full Audio Title
William G O'Neill - Full Interview

Tito Rutaremara

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Focus Area(s)
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7
Country of Reform
Interviewers
David Hausman
Name
Tito Rutaremara
Interviewee's Position
Chief Ombudsman
Interviewee's Organization
Government of Rwanda
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
Rwandan
Place (Building/Street)
Office of the Ombudsman
Town/City
Kigali
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract

Tito Rutaremara, chief ombudsman of Rwanda and former secretary-general of the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF), offers an account of his role first in building the rebel movement and then in restoring basic services to the country after the rebel victory in the war of 1994. As the civilian leader of the RPF between 1987 and 1993, Rutaremara led the training of the movement's “political cadres”—civilian members who were in charge of organizing Rwandan refugees in exile and then organizing the Rwandan population immediately after the war. The political cadres, trained in the bush in an ideology that emphasized Rwandan unity and participatory democracy, built the RPF by founding cells, each of which had an elected executive committee. The committees resolved basic disputes within cells and contributed to the recruitment of new members. Finding that this decentralized structure helped the RPF grow quickly, Rutaremara adopted it as a method of restoring order in Rwanda both in the so-called demilitarized zone established by the Arusha negotiations in the early 1990s and immediately after the war and genocide of 1994. Using the country’s existing administrative borders, RPF political cadres held elections for executive committees to bury bodies and coordinate the delivery of basic services such as health care and food.

Case Study:  Government Through Mobilization: Restoring Order After Rwanda's 1994 Genocide

Profile
At the time of this interview, Tito Rutaremara was chief ombudsman of Rwanda. After obtaining a Ph.D. in urban and rural planning in France, he returned to Rwanda to join the Rwandese Association of National Unity in 1987. Soon after his return, that organization renamed itself the Rwandese Patriotic Front and elected Rutaremara as secretary-general. Under his leadership, the organization began a massive expansion, recruiting hundreds of thousands of members in the space of a few years. After the RPF's victory in the 1994 war, Rutaremara became a member of Parliament, and later served as chairman of the country’s Constitutional Commission.
 
Full Audio File Size
66 MB
Full Audio Title
Tito Rutaremara Interview

Angelina Muganza

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2
Country of Reform
Interviewers
David Hausman
Name
Angelina Muganza
Interviewee's Position
Executive Secretary
Interviewee's Organization
Rwanda's Public Service Commission
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
Rwandan
Place (Building/Street)
Public Service Commission
Town/City
Kigali
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract
Angelina Muganza, executive secretary of Rwanda’s Public Service Commission, describes the practical challenges of setting up a new civil service commission. Rwanda’s commission was established in 2007, and Muganza led the process of staffing the commission, communicating its role to government agencies, and assuring its independence. The commission took over the supervision of civil service from Rwanda’s Ministry of Public Service and Labor (MIFOTRA), but whereas MIFOTRA had only supervised the recruitment process, the Public Service Commission standardized and centralized the process.
 
Profile

At the time of this interview, Angelina Muganza was executive secretary of Rwanda’s Public Service Commission. She was previously responsible for labor relations at the Ministry of Public Service and Labor (MIFOTRA), and she led that Ministry’s negotiations with public service unions before and during the large-scale public service retrenchment that took place in 2006. Before her time at MIFOTRA, Muganza worked at the Ministry for Women and Gender Development to encourage women’s political participation and change inheritance laws that favored male heirs.

Full Audio File Size
49MB
Full Audio Title
Angelina Muganza Interview

The Promise of Imihigo: Decentralized Service Delivery in Rwanda, 2006-2010

Author
Daniel Scher
Country of Reform
Abstract

In the wake of the 1994 genocide, the Rwandan Patriotic Front inherited the remnants of a highly centralized state administration.  For a number of years the government engaged in crisis management, attempting to meet the basic needs of a traumatized population.  In 2000, in an effort to improve local service delivery, the RPF-led government began a program of decentralization.  Under the new arrangement, mayors were responsible for implementing development programs.  A chief concern for the central government was how to make mayors accountable.  In response to this challenge, the government in 2006 launched an innovative system known as the imihigo process.  Imihigo had its roots in a pre-colonial Rwandan cultural practice whereby leaders or warriors would publicly vow to achieve certain goals and face public humiliation if they failed.  The modern imihigo process linked this traditional Rwandan practice with planning, monitoring and oversight.  By 2010, government officials believed that the imihigo process had resulted in improved service delivery in the districts.

Daniel Scher drafted this case study with Christine MacAulay on the basis of interviews conducted in Rwanda in May 2010. 

Associated Interview(s):  Fabien MajoroFred Mufulukye, Charles Munyaneza, Protais Musoni, Leonard Rugwabiza

 

Government Through Mobilization: Restoring Order After Rwanda's 1994 Genocide

Author
David Hausman
Focus Area(s)
Country of Reform
Abstract

Between April and July 1994, as forces of the Rwandan Patriotic Front swept through the country and put an end to a government-led slaughter of an estimated 800,000 people, one of the challenges was to create a government presence and provide basic services in the war-torn country.  In order to govern during the crisis, several of the RPF's civilian leaders conducted a daring experiment.  When they captured territory in the chaotic aftermath of the genocide, these leaders, who were active in approximately one-third of the country, adapted the RPF's own structure as a form of emergency government, organizing the population to elect representatives and form executive committees.  These committees helped allocate scarce resources for basic services, organized their constituencies to perform basic tasks such as burials and farming, and gave RPF leaders a reliable source of local information.  Several RPF leaders said the committees were the only means they knew of restoring order in a dire situation.  Although the long-term results of the effort are difficult to gauge, the case offers insights for reformers engaged in provincial reconstruction or the extension of services in insecure areas.

David Hausman drafted this case study on the basis of interviews conducted in Kigali, Rwanda, in May and June 2010. 

Associated Interview(s):  Fred Mufulukye, Charles Munyaneza, Protais Musoni, Leonard Rugwabiza, Tito Rutaremara