India

Nitish Kumar

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1
Country of Reform
Interviewers
Rushda Majeed
Name
Nitish Kumar
Interviewee's Position
Former Chief Minister
Language
Hindi/English
Town/City
Patna, Bihar
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract

In this interview, Nitish Kumar explains the role of the Chief Minister and the progress made in Bihar through governance and reform. Kumar talks about initial challenges and a changing atmosphere in Bihar over the course of his administration, with the mood shifting from fear and mistrust to confidence in government and law and order. Detailing major reforms in governance, law and order, education, healthcare, and more, Kumar describes specific actions taken by Bihar’s government. These include passage of an Arms Act to secure public spaces, expansion of and increased attendance in public schools, increased infrastructure and transportation, delegation of responsibility in government offices, implementation of a Rights to Public Services Act and more. Kumar discusses what he sees as successes from his time in office, and the steps he takes to effectively govern the people of Bihar.

Profile

At the time of this interview, Nitish Kumar was the former Chief Minister. Kumar had previous experience in governing from his work as a Minister in the Union Government of India. Before that, he briefly worked with the Bihar State Electricity Board, putting his Electrical Engineering degree from NIT Patna to use. Kumar belongs to the Janata Dal (United) political party in India, and has gained popularity by initiating a series of developmental reforms in the state of Bihar during his times as Chief Minister there. His supporters and fans nicknamed him “sushasan babu,” which roughly translates to “man of good governance.”

Subhash Das

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3
Country of Reform
Interviewers
Rohan Mukherjee
Name
Subhash Das
Interviewee's Position
Principal Secretary, Home and Political departments
Interviewee's Organization
Assam, India
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
Indian
Town/City
Dispur
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract

Subhash Das recounts his experiences as chairman of the Assam State Electricity Board and some of the reforms undertaken during his tenure there. He describes the initial opposition to reform among employees who were skeptical about promises of job security and the future payments of their pensions. He also details other reforms, such as limiting transmission and distribution loss, preventing the electricity board from becoming insolvent, and expanding services. He characterizes efforts to improve collection and billing efficiency, which involved creating incentives for employees to collect payments and disconnect service from people who were not paying their bills. Das outlines the process of giving more authority to sub-divisional officers in order to get people hooked up to the electricity grid. He also describes the Single Point Power Supply Scheme, which dispatches rural agents to collect payments instead of having customers traveling long distances to pay their bills. He relates how he conducted an audit, expanded capacity by increasing the number of transformers, and improved the quality of service. He explains how the Electricity Act established a system for grievances, and he describes capacity-building efforts and training for veteran employees.

Case Study:  Promoting Peace Through Development: Assam State, India, 2001-2009

Profile

At the time of this interview, Subhash Das was principal secretary of the Home and Political departments for the government of Assam in India. He held this position since September 2007 and generally dealt with issues of internal security and police administration. From 2004 until 2007, he served as the chairman of the Assam State Electricity Board. Before that, he worked in the industries department, the agriculture department, the education department and the planning department.

Full Audio File Size
65 MB
Full Audio Title
Subhash Das - Full Interview

Anup Mukerji

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4
Country of Reform
Interviewers
Rohan Mukherjee
Name
Anup Mukerji
Interviewee's Position
Development Commissioner
Interviewee's Organization
Government of Bihar, India
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
Indian
Town/City
Patna
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract
Anup Mukerji talks about his role as principal secretary in the Rural Development Department, which deals with anti-poverty programs in Bihar, India. The key programs in the department were wage employment, self-employment and housing. Mukerji explains that the main objective for the reforms was to reduce corruption and to introduce transparency in the system. He describes how the housing program developed an ordered below-poverty-line list of the homeless or those with very poor housing, to prevent officials from using their own discretions. Also, to make the programs more efficient, they switched from giving the poor cash to transferring money directly into their bank accounts to avoid leakages. Regarding the wage employment program, Mukerji discusses the introduction and use of the biometric attendance roll to resolve issues of false attendance and payments to the wrong people. He also explains their efforts at improving service delivery by adopting better recruitment processes, training and the use of information technologies. In addition, Mukerji identifies the significance of evaluating reporting formats and using them to rank the districts before their monthly meetings as a way of analyzing and encouraging performance by district-level officials. He also acknowledges the impact of civil society in improving the quality of implementation of government programs.
 
Profile

At the time of this interview, Anup Mukerji was the development commissioner for the government of Bihar.  He also served as the head of the Investment Promotion Board and other development committees that encouraged direct investment, private sector investment, and investment in infrastructure. In May 2006, he became the principal secretary of rural development, a position he held until May 2009.  

Full Audio File Size
57 MB
Full Audio Title
Anup Mukherjee - Full Interview

Shri Himanta Biswa Sarma

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8
Country of Reform
Interviewers
Rohan Mukherjee
Name
Shri Himanta Biswa Sarma
Interviewee's Position
Minister of Health
Interviewee's Organization
Government of Assam State, India
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
Indian
Town/City
Assam
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract
Shri Himanta Biswa Sarma talks about his role in the reform efforts in the state government of Assam over the previous decade. He talks about the financial reforms put in place to improve recruitment standards and salary payments, such as initiating a Value Added Tax program as a way of balancing the books to allow for further reform efforts, and overcoming the challenges associated with the these new reforms. He talks about dealing with different parts of society putting pressure on the government once the financial reforms were put in place and money became available to spend, and balancing competing interests. He also goes into detail about how the government of Assam dealt with the insurgency problem affecting the state through cease-fire negotiations, concessions and the establishment of tribal councils. He also offers his opinions on how decentralization and democracy can empower people and contribute to economic development. Finally, he discusses the need to stay up to date on all the relevant issues affecting the local community, to know the problems and stay in touch with the people to help build trust and advance the development process.
 
Profile

At the time of this interview, Shri Himanta Biswa Sarma was the minister of health for the government of Assam state in India, and he also ran the Guwahati Development Department. He held various positions and roles during more than a decade of service to the government of Assam. In 2002, he was appointed as the minister of state in charge of agriculture, planning and development before becoming the minister of finance in Assam in 2004.

Full Audio File Size
63 MB
Full Audio Title
Shri Himanta Biswa Sarma - Full Interview

Rajeev Chawla

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1
Country of Reform
Interviewers
David Hausman
Name
Rajeev Chawla
Interviewee's Position
Managing Director
Interviewee's Organization
Karnatka State Cooperative Marketing Federation, India
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
Indian
Town/City
Bangalore
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract
Rajeev Chawla details the process the Indian state of Karnataka went through in digitizing its rural land records system through a system called Bhoomi and in promoting electronic government. He explains the successes and challenges the state government faced in training staff to undertake the digitization and in creating a statewide technological infrastructure to accommodate it. Chawla discusses the successes of the system in reducing corruption, increasing oversight, and increasing citizen access to electronic governance through integrated service centers and remote telecenters.
 
Profile

At the time of this interview, Rajeev Chawla was the managing director of the Karnataka State Cooperative Marketing Federation in India. From 2003 to 2007 he held the position of Special Secretary of Bhoomi, the government’s largest and highly successfully e-governance project, digitizing and computerizing access to rural land records. He won a number of national and international awards for the project. Chawla designed and began implementation of the project as joint secretary of revenue for the State of Karnataka, a position he held from 1998 to 2003. Chawla was also commissioner of service, settlement, and land records from 2008 to 2010. He was a member of the Indian Administrative Service for over two decades. Chawla earned a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, in 1984.

Full Audio File Size
118MB
Full Audio Title
Rajeev Chawla Interview

M.N. Vidyashankar

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7
Country of Reform
Interviewers
David Hausman
Name
M.N. Vidyashankar
Interviewee's Position
Principal Secretary of E-Governance
Interviewee's Organization
State of Karnataka, India
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
Indian
Town/City
Bangalore
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract

M.N. Vidyashankar, principal secretary of e-governance for the Indian state of Karnataka, discusses Bhoomi, a large-scale e-governance project introduced by the state to digitize land records and provide computerized access to them.  He details the process undertaken to implement both Bhoomi and a larger-scale electronic kiosk system to increase both rural and urban access to governance through one-stop shops. He explains at length the system to train data-entry workers and how the entire system is monitored. Vidyashankar also explains the benefits of the public-private partnership that runs the kiosk system. Finally, he discusses what he would change about the creation and implementation of the system, given the chance to do it again.

Profile

At the time of this interview, M.N. Vidyashankar was the principal secretary of e-governance for the state of Karnataka, India.  Vidyashankar previously worked as chairman of the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewage Board, chief electoral officer of Karnataka, commissioner of the Bangalore Development Authority, and principal secretary of Information Technology, Biotechnology, and Science Technology.  Vidyashankar received a master’s degree in economics and a master’s degree in philosophy from the Delhi School of Economics at the University of Delhi and also completed a master’s degree in business administration at Harvard Business School.

Full Audio File Size
32MB
Full Audio Title
M.N. Vidyashankar Interview

Jayanta Madhab

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6
Country of Reform
Interviewers
Rohan Mukherjee
Name
Jayanta Madhab
Interviewee's Position
Adviser
Interviewee's Organization
Chief Minister of Assam
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
Indian
Town/City
Assam
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract
Jayanta Madhab goes into detail about the reform programs undertaken in Assam during his time as advisor to the chief minister of Assam from 2003-2009. He details the need to introduce new legislation into law in order to improve the financial situation in the state and improve funding, done through the value added tax system, and the challenges faced due to the recession and deficit financing. He talks about the need to implement reforms that will have far reaching affects across all ethnicities, minorities, and vulnerable groups, and how managing these factions and autonomous groups was essential to the reforms success. He describes the main problem in the reform process was changing the attitudes and building support within government for change through coalition building and management of insurgent groups in the region. Finally, he specifically address the need to improve employment and education opportunities as well as technical skills (such as improving agricultural practices in poor rural areas) as a means of keeping poor disaffected youth out of insurgent groups.
 
Profile

Jayanta Madhab is an economist who served as an advisor to the chief minister of Assam, India, from 2003 to early 2009. During his time in government he advised the chief minister on economic and financial affairs before taking up the mandate of employment generation in Assam in the chief minister’s second term. He has worked for the Asian Development Bank, as well as the North Eastern Development Finance Corporation (NEFDI). He holds a Ph.D. from the London School of Economics.

Full Audio File Size
55 MB
Full Audio Title
Jananta Madhab - Full Interview

Alok Shukla

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1
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Interviewers
Michael Scharff
Name
Alok Shukla
Interviewee's Position
Deputy Election Commissioner
Interviewee's Organization
Election Commission of India
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
Indian
Town/City
New Delhi
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract
Alok Shukla discusses his work with the Election Commission of India. He talks about the importance of election safety and sheds light on the police deployment strategy that surrounds Indian elections. He opens his discussion with an explanation of the monitoring systems used to keep election violence to a minimum. He continues by speaking of other accountability measures like web-cameras with a direct line to the Election Commission placed in to polling stations in order to ensure proper practice. He then explains the system of vulnerability mapping in order to concentrate the most resources to the most vulnerable polling states. Shukla adds a detailed story about enfranchising communities that had been subject to voter intimidation. He concludes his discussion with the monitoring structures in place to ensure the impartiality of the Election Commission.
 
Profile

At the time of the interview,  Alok Shukla had served as a deputy election commissioner in the Election Commission of India for around two years. He had previously served as the chief electoral officer for the state of Chhattisgarh. 

Full Audio File Size
44 MB
Full Audio Title
Alok Shukla Interview

S.K. Mendiratta

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3
Country of Reform
Interviewers
Michael Scharff
Name
S.K. Mendiratta
Interviewee's Position
Legal Adviser
Interviewee's Organization
Election Commission of India
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
Indian
Town/City
New Delhi
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract
S.K. Mendiratta speaks about his work with the Election Commission of India. He opens the discussion by describing the system of vulnerability mapping in order to determine the areas most prone to election violence and intimidation. This included finding areas that had unusually low turnout and providing them with police protection. He notes that known trouble makers are put under increased police monitoring during this time as well. In the second part of the interview, Mendiratta elaborates on the efforts of the Election Commission to curb voter intimidation. These included unique methods such as video monitoring at polls in order to ensure legal compliance. He concludes his discussion by adding detail on the accountability measures keeping watch of the Election Commission. Through focusing on the attitudes of outgoing opposition parties, they are able to determine the perceived fairness of the election.
 
Profile

At the time of the interview, S.K. Mendiratta was the legal advisor to the Election Commission of India. He began his career nearly 46 years earlier as an assistant in the Election Commission. Beginning in 1979, Mendiratta was responsible for all legal affairs of the commission, including electoral reform legislation and litigation work of the commission before the Supreme Court and High Courts in India. Although he had been retired for 13 years at the time of the interview, Mendiratta continued much of his work in an advisory position. 

Full Audio File Size
74 MB
Full Audio Title
S.K. Mendiratta Interview

Shri Baijayant Jay Panda

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3
Country of Reform
Interviewers
Rushda Majeed
Name
Shri Baijayant Jay Panda
Interviewee's Position
Member, Lok Sabha
Interviewee's Organization
Lower House, Indian Parliament
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
Indian
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract

Jay Panda offers the perspective of a political party member on the work of the Elections Commission of India and its model code of conduct. He underscores the role of the Elections Commission in shaping perceptions of Indian democracy over the last two decades. Furthermore, Panda credits the model code of conduct for enhancing the credibility of the Elections Commission and its capacity for enforcement, contributing to its considerable institutional legitimacy. While he acknowledges that the code plays an important role in the conduct of fair elections and norm-building, he believes it imposes excessive logistical constraints. These constraints obey a specific logic. For instance, potential distortions arising from use of the code by incumbents to reduce contestation are prevented by subordinating the administrative apparatus to the Elections Commission in advance of elections. However, the regulations can be burdensome for the conduct of normal state affairs, including in the wake of natural disasters. In general, the party mobilizes through legal channels to appeal decisions that affect its candidates. Panda underscores the role of vigilance by opposing parties and rapid media coverage in securing compliance. As a result, implementation of the code at the party-level may require specialized staffers tasked with monitoring adherence to the code. This step is in agreement with the good governance platform of Panda's party, but may represent a more general trend due to the perceived considerable enforcement power of the Elections Commission. 

Case Study:  Implementing Standards without the Force of Law: India's Electoral Code, 1990-2001

Profile

Trained in engineering and management at Michigan Technological University, Shri Baijayant "Jay" Panda returned to India to run his family's company. That experience in the private sector motivated him to affect change by entering the political life. He is one of the founding members of the Biju Janata Dal (BJD) party. He served in the Upper House of the Indian Parliament, the Rajya Sabha, for nine years. He is currently the representative for the constituency of Kendrapara (Orissa) in the lower house, the Lok Sabha. 

Full Audio File Size
30 MB
Full Audio Title
Jay Panda Interview