India

Nitish Kumar

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1
Country of Reform
Interviewers
Rushda Majeed
Name
Nitish Kumar
Interviewee's Position
Former Chief Minister
Language
Hindi/English
Town/City
Patna, Bihar
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract

In this interview, Nitish Kumar explains the role of the Chief Minister and the progress made in Bihar through governance and reform. Kumar talks about initial challenges and a changing atmosphere in Bihar over the course of his administration, with the mood shifting from fear and mistrust to confidence in government and law and order. Detailing major reforms in governance, law and order, education, healthcare, and more, Kumar describes specific actions taken by Bihar’s government. These include passage of an Arms Act to secure public spaces, expansion of and increased attendance in public schools, increased infrastructure and transportation, delegation of responsibility in government offices, implementation of a Rights to Public Services Act and more. Kumar discusses what he sees as successes from his time in office, and the steps he takes to effectively govern the people of Bihar.

Profile

At the time of this interview, Nitish Kumar was the former Chief Minister. Kumar had previous experience in governing from his work as a Minister in the Union Government of India. Before that, he briefly worked with the Bihar State Electricity Board, putting his Electrical Engineering degree from NIT Patna to use. Kumar belongs to the Janata Dal (United) political party in India, and has gained popularity by initiating a series of developmental reforms in the state of Bihar during his times as Chief Minister there. His supporters and fans nicknamed him “sushasan babu,” which roughly translates to “man of good governance.”

Shri Himanta Biswa Sarma

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8
Country of Reform
Interviewers
Rohan Mukherjee
Name
Shri Himanta Biswa Sarma
Interviewee's Position
Minister of Health
Interviewee's Organization
Government of Assam State, India
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
Indian
Town/City
Assam
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract
Shri Himanta Biswa Sarma talks about his role in the reform efforts in the state government of Assam over the previous decade. He talks about the financial reforms put in place to improve recruitment standards and salary payments, such as initiating a Value Added Tax program as a way of balancing the books to allow for further reform efforts, and overcoming the challenges associated with the these new reforms. He talks about dealing with different parts of society putting pressure on the government once the financial reforms were put in place and money became available to spend, and balancing competing interests. He also goes into detail about how the government of Assam dealt with the insurgency problem affecting the state through cease-fire negotiations, concessions and the establishment of tribal councils. He also offers his opinions on how decentralization and democracy can empower people and contribute to economic development. Finally, he discusses the need to stay up to date on all the relevant issues affecting the local community, to know the problems and stay in touch with the people to help build trust and advance the development process.
 
Profile

At the time of this interview, Shri Himanta Biswa Sarma was the minister of health for the government of Assam state in India, and he also ran the Guwahati Development Department. He held various positions and roles during more than a decade of service to the government of Assam. In 2002, he was appointed as the minister of state in charge of agriculture, planning and development before becoming the minister of finance in Assam in 2004.

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63 MB
Full Audio Title
Shri Himanta Biswa Sarma - Full Interview

Rajeev Chawla

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1
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Interviewers
David Hausman
Name
Rajeev Chawla
Interviewee's Position
Managing Director
Interviewee's Organization
Karnatka State Cooperative Marketing Federation, India
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
Indian
Town/City
Bangalore
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract
Rajeev Chawla details the process the Indian state of Karnataka went through in digitizing its rural land records system through a system called Bhoomi and in promoting electronic government. He explains the successes and challenges the state government faced in training staff to undertake the digitization and in creating a statewide technological infrastructure to accommodate it. Chawla discusses the successes of the system in reducing corruption, increasing oversight, and increasing citizen access to electronic governance through integrated service centers and remote telecenters.
 
Profile

At the time of this interview, Rajeev Chawla was the managing director of the Karnataka State Cooperative Marketing Federation in India. From 2003 to 2007 he held the position of Special Secretary of Bhoomi, the government’s largest and highly successfully e-governance project, digitizing and computerizing access to rural land records. He won a number of national and international awards for the project. Chawla designed and began implementation of the project as joint secretary of revenue for the State of Karnataka, a position he held from 1998 to 2003. Chawla was also commissioner of service, settlement, and land records from 2008 to 2010. He was a member of the Indian Administrative Service for over two decades. Chawla earned a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, in 1984.

Full Audio File Size
118MB
Full Audio Title
Rajeev Chawla Interview

M.N. Vidyashankar

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7
Country of Reform
Interviewers
David Hausman
Name
M.N. Vidyashankar
Interviewee's Position
Principal Secretary of E-Governance
Interviewee's Organization
State of Karnataka, India
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
Indian
Town/City
Bangalore
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract

M.N. Vidyashankar, principal secretary of e-governance for the Indian state of Karnataka, discusses Bhoomi, a large-scale e-governance project introduced by the state to digitize land records and provide computerized access to them.  He details the process undertaken to implement both Bhoomi and a larger-scale electronic kiosk system to increase both rural and urban access to governance through one-stop shops. He explains at length the system to train data-entry workers and how the entire system is monitored. Vidyashankar also explains the benefits of the public-private partnership that runs the kiosk system. Finally, he discusses what he would change about the creation and implementation of the system, given the chance to do it again.

Profile

At the time of this interview, M.N. Vidyashankar was the principal secretary of e-governance for the state of Karnataka, India.  Vidyashankar previously worked as chairman of the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewage Board, chief electoral officer of Karnataka, commissioner of the Bangalore Development Authority, and principal secretary of Information Technology, Biotechnology, and Science Technology.  Vidyashankar received a master’s degree in economics and a master’s degree in philosophy from the Delhi School of Economics at the University of Delhi and also completed a master’s degree in business administration at Harvard Business School.

Full Audio File Size
32MB
Full Audio Title
M.N. Vidyashankar Interview

Jayanta Madhab

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6
Country of Reform
Interviewers
Rohan Mukherjee
Name
Jayanta Madhab
Interviewee's Position
Adviser
Interviewee's Organization
Chief Minister of Assam
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
Indian
Town/City
Assam
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract
Jayanta Madhab goes into detail about the reform programs undertaken in Assam during his time as advisor to the chief minister of Assam from 2003-2009. He details the need to introduce new legislation into law in order to improve the financial situation in the state and improve funding, done through the value added tax system, and the challenges faced due to the recession and deficit financing. He talks about the need to implement reforms that will have far reaching affects across all ethnicities, minorities, and vulnerable groups, and how managing these factions and autonomous groups was essential to the reforms success. He describes the main problem in the reform process was changing the attitudes and building support within government for change through coalition building and management of insurgent groups in the region. Finally, he specifically address the need to improve employment and education opportunities as well as technical skills (such as improving agricultural practices in poor rural areas) as a means of keeping poor disaffected youth out of insurgent groups.
 
Profile

Jayanta Madhab is an economist who served as an advisor to the chief minister of Assam, India, from 2003 to early 2009. During his time in government he advised the chief minister on economic and financial affairs before taking up the mandate of employment generation in Assam in the chief minister’s second term. He has worked for the Asian Development Bank, as well as the North Eastern Development Finance Corporation (NEFDI). He holds a Ph.D. from the London School of Economics.

Full Audio File Size
55 MB
Full Audio Title
Jananta Madhab - Full Interview

Alok Shukla

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1
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Interviewers
Michael Scharff
Name
Alok Shukla
Interviewee's Position
Deputy Election Commissioner
Interviewee's Organization
Election Commission of India
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
Indian
Town/City
New Delhi
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract
Alok Shukla discusses his work with the Election Commission of India. He talks about the importance of election safety and sheds light on the police deployment strategy that surrounds Indian elections. He opens his discussion with an explanation of the monitoring systems used to keep election violence to a minimum. He continues by speaking of other accountability measures like web-cameras with a direct line to the Election Commission placed in to polling stations in order to ensure proper practice. He then explains the system of vulnerability mapping in order to concentrate the most resources to the most vulnerable polling states. Shukla adds a detailed story about enfranchising communities that had been subject to voter intimidation. He concludes his discussion with the monitoring structures in place to ensure the impartiality of the Election Commission.
 
Profile

At the time of the interview,  Alok Shukla had served as a deputy election commissioner in the Election Commission of India for around two years. He had previously served as the chief electoral officer for the state of Chhattisgarh. 

Full Audio File Size
44 MB
Full Audio Title
Alok Shukla Interview

S.K. Mendiratta

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3
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Interviewers
Michael Scharff
Name
S.K. Mendiratta
Interviewee's Position
Legal Adviser
Interviewee's Organization
Election Commission of India
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
Indian
Town/City
New Delhi
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract
S.K. Mendiratta speaks about his work with the Election Commission of India. He opens the discussion by describing the system of vulnerability mapping in order to determine the areas most prone to election violence and intimidation. This included finding areas that had unusually low turnout and providing them with police protection. He notes that known trouble makers are put under increased police monitoring during this time as well. In the second part of the interview, Mendiratta elaborates on the efforts of the Election Commission to curb voter intimidation. These included unique methods such as video monitoring at polls in order to ensure legal compliance. He concludes his discussion by adding detail on the accountability measures keeping watch of the Election Commission. Through focusing on the attitudes of outgoing opposition parties, they are able to determine the perceived fairness of the election.
 
Profile

At the time of the interview, S.K. Mendiratta was the legal advisor to the Election Commission of India. He began his career nearly 46 years earlier as an assistant in the Election Commission. Beginning in 1979, Mendiratta was responsible for all legal affairs of the commission, including electoral reform legislation and litigation work of the commission before the Supreme Court and High Courts in India. Although he had been retired for 13 years at the time of the interview, Mendiratta continued much of his work in an advisory position. 

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74 MB
Full Audio Title
S.K. Mendiratta Interview

Shri Baijayant Jay Panda

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3
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Interviewers
Rushda Majeed
Name
Shri Baijayant Jay Panda
Interviewee's Position
Member, Lok Sabha
Interviewee's Organization
Lower House, Indian Parliament
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
Indian
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract

Jay Panda offers the perspective of a political party member on the work of the Elections Commission of India and its model code of conduct. He underscores the role of the Elections Commission in shaping perceptions of Indian democracy over the last two decades. Furthermore, Panda credits the model code of conduct for enhancing the credibility of the Elections Commission and its capacity for enforcement, contributing to its considerable institutional legitimacy. While he acknowledges that the code plays an important role in the conduct of fair elections and norm-building, he believes it imposes excessive logistical constraints. These constraints obey a specific logic. For instance, potential distortions arising from use of the code by incumbents to reduce contestation are prevented by subordinating the administrative apparatus to the Elections Commission in advance of elections. However, the regulations can be burdensome for the conduct of normal state affairs, including in the wake of natural disasters. In general, the party mobilizes through legal channels to appeal decisions that affect its candidates. Panda underscores the role of vigilance by opposing parties and rapid media coverage in securing compliance. As a result, implementation of the code at the party-level may require specialized staffers tasked with monitoring adherence to the code. This step is in agreement with the good governance platform of Panda's party, but may represent a more general trend due to the perceived considerable enforcement power of the Elections Commission. 

Case Study:  Implementing Standards without the Force of Law: India's Electoral Code, 1990-2001

Profile

Trained in engineering and management at Michigan Technological University, Shri Baijayant "Jay" Panda returned to India to run his family's company. That experience in the private sector motivated him to affect change by entering the political life. He is one of the founding members of the Biju Janata Dal (BJD) party. He served in the Upper House of the Indian Parliament, the Rajya Sabha, for nine years. He is currently the representative for the constituency of Kendrapara (Orissa) in the lower house, the Lok Sabha. 

Full Audio File Size
30 MB
Full Audio Title
Jay Panda Interview

Dr. A Ravindra

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4
Country of Reform
Interviewers
Michael Woldemariam
Name
Dr. A Ravindra
Interviewee's Position
Advisor
Interviewee's Organization
Chief Minister of Urban Affairs
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
Indian
Town/City
Bangalore
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract
In this interview, Dr. A Ravindra discusses his extensive career as a civil servant in India, mainly in Karantanka states. He begins by describing the training and assignment processes of civil servants in India, including his own experience and reflections on changes in years since he began his career. He explains the structure and functions of civil administration. A lot of his work involved developing public-private-people partnerships. He focused on getting citizens involved in resident welfare associations in his home city of Bangalore. This work began as a response to the problems he heard citizens were having with city administration. He expresses the personal responsibility he felt because of the poor reputation of the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA), which he directed at the time, and his genuine concern for the city. He describes the difficulties associated with economic expansion throughout the 1970s, 80s and 90s. The resultant housing and land shortage in Bangalore presented a challenge for the BDA and opportunities for corruption. Ravindra worked with citizens to address these problems, through intitiatves such as Swabhimana, which was a series of citizens forums for civil servants to hear concerns. In addition to economic changes, India’s complex social problems contributed to the political pressure on civil servants and politicians. The institutional structures governing the appointment and rotation of civil servants also complicated any reforms, as people were often only in a given position for a short period. In addition to providing a detailed explanation of state political structures in India, Ravindra describes several specific reforms he was involved in, such as the self-assessment property tax reform, infrastructure development, and the Kaveri Water Supply Project. Ravindra built the capacity of each of the institutions he worked in, while also overcoming internal resistance to reforms. During his tenure as chief secretary, several major issues took his attention away from sectors on which he hoped to focus, such as education and urban development. Among these issues was a severe drought that led to a dispute over water with a neighboring state. Ravindra concludes by discussing urban planning and the need for improvements in urban governance more generally, as this is an issue throughout India due to high rates of urbanization. 
 
Profile

At the time of this interview, Dr. A. Ravindra was advisor to the chief minister on urban affairs. He attended the National Academy of Administration in Mussoorie and is a member of the Indian Administrative Services. He began his career as a subdivision director and then district commissioner in Karnataka, his home state. Through a variety of positions, he developed expertise on the urban sector. He twice served as commission of Bangalore City Municipal Corporation and was chairman of Bangalore Development Authority (BDA). His career included work at Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) and a position on the board of Agenda for Bengaluru Infrastructure and Development task force (ABIDe). Ravindra served as chief secretary of the state of Karnataka in the early 2000s. He holds a doctorate in urban studies and is the author of Urban Land Policy: A Metropolitan Perspective.  

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V. Ravichandar

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Michael Woldemariam
Name
V. Ravichandar
Interviewee's Organization
Bangalore Agenda Task Force
Language
English
Nationality of Interviewee
Indian
Town/City
Bangalore
Country
Date of Interview
Reform Profile
No
Abstract

V. Ravichandar recounts his time serving as a member of the Bangalore Agenda Task Force (BATF) from 2000 to 2004. He describes urban issues within India, how he secured his position with BATF, and various city initiatives in which he played a large role. The BATF worked to improve living conditions for the lower middle and middle classes. Among other things, it reformed the public toilet system and transportation. Ravichandar also helped to implement the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), a government program that allocated 12 billion dollars of grant funding to 63 Indian cities. He speaks extensively about the presidency of S.M. Krishna and how crucial he was in providing political support for the BATF. Ravichandar emphasizes the importance of political capital, how it only declines after an individual is elected, and why it is critical to enact change quickly and early on in a presidency before political capital runs out.    

Case Study:  Keeping Up with a Fast-Moving City: Service Delivery in Bangalore, India, 1999-2004

Profile

V. Ravichandar served as a member of the Bangalore Agenda Task Force (BATF) from 2000 to 2004. He graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering from the Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) and an M.B.A. from the Indian Institute of Management (IIM). Prior to working with BATF, Ravichandar was a consultant with MICO-Bosch. In 1988, he founded Feedback Consulting, a research and consulting company that assesses business opportunities in India.  Since leaving his post with BATF, he has been associated with HR Trust, a not-for-profit organization that seeks to enable human capital in India. At the time of this interview, Ravichandar still worked for Feedback Consulting    

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