Neela Ghoshal talks about the challenges facing the Police Nationale du Burundi, including human-rights abuses committed by certain units within the police.  These problems were linked to the integration of military personnel and former rebels into the police as part of a peace process without adequate supplemental training.  Ghoshal lays out the recourses for those with human-rights or other complaints against the police and describes the existing accountability structures within the police.  She talks about attempts at depoliticization, noting that officials tried to include commanders with different backgrounds in the various command structures within the police.  The move was an effort to avoid creating chains of command where all the links come from either the same rebel group or the army.  She also talks about the difficulty of running human-rights training programs and the challenges of monitoring these programs' effects.

Elizabeth McClintock describes the history of the Burundi Leadership Training Program, which was launched by U.S. President Bill Clinton’s former envoy to the Great Lakes region, Howard Wolpe.   The program started in 2003 with 100 Burundian leaders chosen by the Burundian people.  The workshops focused on topics such as conflict management, strategic decision making and leadership. The training program initially received funding from the World Bank and the U.S. Agency for International Development, and later from the U.K. Department for International Development, before becoming a Burundian nongovernmental organization. The program functioned as a six-day retreat outside of Bujumbura, followed by workshops. The training focused on communication skills (police de proximite) and situation-based exercises (hostage negotiation, etc.).  McClintock discusses the process by which Burundians came to conduct the training themselves, taking over the roles originally held by the international community.